A map of the Okinawa prefecture and surrounds |
you? When you think about Okinawa, you think, for instance, that the Japanese martial art Karate emerge there; that most of the 100+ years old Japanese live their and moreover, the US-American military forces have a de facto-exclave being established there several centuries ago. But not for these reasons alone, Okinawa is famous.
Short informations beforehand: The prefecture Okinawa contains, along side the main island, the Miyako island, the Yaeyama islands as well as the Kyūshū islands. The prefecture's main office is located in the town Naha also being the biggest city of the former.
Anyways, did you also know that Okinawa hasn't used to be a part of Japan in the first place but arised from the Ryūkyū Kingdom?
The Ryūkyū Kingdom's emblem as well as the royal seal |
It used to be a kingdom having been established 1429 and been dissolved 1879. It was a constitutional monarchy. The official languages were the Ryūkyū languages as well as the Classic Chinese whereby the latter having rather played a ceremonial part and being not to be confused with the Traditional Chinese (Mandarin) being spoken nowadays in China. The capital was Shuri. The Ryūkyū Kingdom's royal dynasty were composed of the Shō Dynasty from which a few people are still alive but unlinke the Japanese emperor family, they live as civics nowadays.
The Ryūkyū University's campus |
Well then, in the following, I'm gonna describe the incisions of the history of Ryūkyū/Okinawa from the 17th century's beginning to nowadays as well as additionally elaborate what's the deal with the peace movements in Okinawa.
So, here we go:
1) The development from the Ryūkyū Kingdom to the Japanese prefecture Okinawa
Until the 16th century, the Ryūkyū Kingdom could boardly live in independence of Japan and China. The latter was satisfied burdening toll missions on the kingdom's local folk but everything changed nearly at the beginning of the Edo period (1603-1868), everything changed:
The Satsuma Invasion of 1609 marked the end of the Ryūkyū Kingdom's independence. The northern islands were directly annexed by Japan while being otherwise satisfied with the paying of taxes. Consequently, the feudal domain Satsuma took the control of the entire Ryūkyū Kingdom which was furtherly tributary on China at the same time.
As the Japanese annexion progressed, the Ryūkyū Kingdom's government had been feignedly maintained so that the Chinese couldn't recognized anything about the changed situation. The kingdom's double dependence went over into the 19th century.
Shō Tai (1843-1901), the last Ryūkyū King (term: 1848-1879) |
Concretely, this process began 1872 by establishing the Ryūkyū domain on the Ryūkyū Islands.
Eventually, the Ryūkyū Kingdom was been 1879 and additionally, the Okinawa prefecture was established and absorbed in the Japanese Empire. One year later, the former diplomatic relationship with China was abadoned.
Henceforward, the people of Okinawa having been arised from the Ryūkyū Kingdom were Japanese citizens who were afterewards treated like second-class citizens during the Pacific War (1941-1945).
During the Pacific War, the USA began the Battle of Okinawa being the only local battle on Japanese territory and claming many lives, even from amongst the civilian population.
After the end of the war, the US built a big marine and airforce base in Okinawa and consequently established a military junta. Okinawa served as important military base during the Korean War (1950-1953) and the Vietnam War (1955-1975).
But the reintegration of Okinawa in the Japanese state didn't happened until 1972.
Nowadays, unlike the Japanese emperor family, the remaining descendants of the Shō Dynasty - which reigned once over the Ryūkyū Kingdom and have been disempowered 1879 - live their lives as normal civics instead as nobles but they still talk each other in their court dialect, particularly at family gatherings.
2) The Protests in Okinawa
Since the post-war era, the Okinawans' anti-militaristic protest being directed against the American military basement and ranged on a transnational level have occured up to now. Aforesaid, the enduring attendance of US-american military forces still causes lots of strains, particularly among the elder people.
The US-Military Base in Okinawa |
But according to the German Japanese studies scholar Dr. phil. Anna Wiemann (who currently lectures at the Ludwig Maximilians University in Munich and concerns herself predominately with social movements in Japan), unfortunately, the US-american military forces ain't bent to move away from Okinawa which is, for example, justified by an easier arriving in Taiwan and North Korea just in case. But this is another matter.
In order to understand how said protests set themselves apart from other transnational movements, it's necessary to visualize once again the difference between "international" und "transnational":
- international means when a cooperation, exchange, relations etc. are proceeded DIRECTLY by Country A and County B bedeutet, i.e. it takes place between the countries themselves (and their respective governments)
- transnational means that a a cooperation, exchange, relations etc. takes place between dependants of various countries' population
Some impression of the protests in Okinawa |
If you wanna learn more about the protests in Okinawa, there is a suggestion for further reading in the PS below.
Conclusion: The prefecture Okinawa shows multilayeredly how important it is you know the yesterday in order to comprehend the today. Not only cuz Okinawa arised from the Ryūkyū Kingdom but also due to the US-American military exlave in Okinawa and, by default, why the locals in Okinawa insist that said military exkalve shall move away. In so far, Okinawa can be considered as an unparalleled prefecture.
And now, I ask you: What comes into your mind concerning Okinawa, then and now? And which topic should be elaborated by myself next, within the frames of the rubric "Culture Studies"? Don't hesitate writing it in the comments.
PS: For the case you wanna know more about the protest in Okinawa, I can recommend the following essay of Gabriele Vogt, a Japanese studies scholar of Germany:
※Vogt, Gabriele (2018): Political protest from the periphery: Social movements and global citizenship in Okinawa. In: Social Movements and Political Activism in Contemporary Japan. London, Routledge
PPS: Here you can go to my other "Culture Studies" articles: